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Post Info TOPIC: Paul Czysz & Claudio Bruno Book


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Paul Czysz & Claudio Bruno Book


I just finished reading their new book (at least the 2nd edition in new) "Future Spacecraft Propulsion Systems: Enabling Technologies for Space Exploration" and recommend it for any who is willing to pay the price or can get it from the library.  It is most likely intended for an undergraduate course in spacecraft propulsion in an aeronautical engineering degree program.   The math isn't too hard but it does have a lot equations. 

First six chapters are by Czysz and the last three plus appendices are by Bruno (my deduction but I bet I'm right!).   Dr. Paul Czysz was the chief scientist on the former McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing) National Aerospace Plane (NASP) project and left to become a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Parks College which is part of Saint Louis University.  He was in the thick of the airbreathing spacecraft and hypersonic design effort from the early 1960s until he left MDC in 1991.   There is a lot of interesting material particularly in chapters 3 & 4 on a wide range of concepts.  One can get a clear sense of frustration that none of the idea were ever even prototyped to give them a fair chance against the throw away rocket concept or the rocket only space shuttle.

The Burno portion is about nuclear concepts including nuclear thermal, nuclear electric, and fusion concepts.  He also has an appendix on the radiation issue with nuclear propulsion.  He persents an interesting NTP concept by C. Rubbia of CERN that I hadn't seen before.  The final chapter is sort of brief survey of sci fi concepts of interstellar travel.

Although the nuclear issues are included, I wouldn't buy this book for them alone as there a no doubt better books for that.  I do think the Czysz material made the book worth it for me and the Burno part was a nice plus.  I do think Bruno laid out the challenges for fusion propulsion in one of the more understandable presentations that I've seen. 

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Looks like a great book. I'll have to see if I can get my hands on a copy.

Ouch Chiguagua! $209...

C. Rubbia of CERN doing NTP ??

Like I'm scratching my head I didn't think he was into that sort of physics he's more theoretical.

Anyway, I'd love to read what he has to say.

Thanks for the tip...

 


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Bruce Behrhorst


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Amazon has it marked down to $140.57 right now.   It is a bit high I must admit.  I paid more a few months ago.

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I never got back with you on the Rubbia nuclear thermal engine concept.  It's based on direct heating of the propellant with fission fragments.  The fuel is Americiam-242 and the reaction is subcritical.  It driven by an external neutron source.   Here is a link to a paper on the topic.

http://www.crs4.it/Areas/cfd/10-IWCP_article.pdf




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Am242m nuclide engine has been suggested some years back. 
One problem is it's an excessive gamma ray emitter and I'm not too sure how well walls coated with thin Am242m would hold up under the supersonic flow of H2 gas maybe some scouring effects?
I think one rule in design of reactor block cores is you're not suppose to loose fissile material out the exhaust. 

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Bruce Behrhorst


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Bruce, I see your point.  On one level the Rubbia concept is interesting in that it is one way to get specifc impulse up above the nuclear solid core levels of 900-1000 sec.  This could be at least 3 times higher when the exhust is mostly disassociated hydrogen atoms at about 4 time the temperature.  But, is this idea really practical.  It definately isn't for in atmosphere use with the ejected fission products.

Over my Christmas vacation I've been toying with a nuclear manned Moon system.  My thought was to use a solid core NTR as an orbit to orbit propulsion system.  I throught that a SSTL/O reusable lunar lander (LH2/LOX).  At a conservative 900 sec the whole thing would mass 150 - 160 tons at the start in LEO.  It has to use thrust to go from LEO to LLO and back again.  To make the concept work economically we bring the lunar lander back and bring it back to Earth for servicing.  The thing is that 100 tons of that mass would be LH2 for the nuclear rocket.  It would take five flights of the resuable Earth to LEO transportation system to prepare each moon flight (4 tanker missions + one to take up the lunar lander + provisions + crew).  It would also take an orbital space service station to carry out the processing.

This concept assumes a transatmospheric shuttle replacement vehicle that is a lot more robust that the NASA shuttle.  I guess this could be a follow on the the constellation program in the 2030+ time period. 



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Just a little clarification: generally in a properly designed engine, you won't get supersonic flow in the reactor part of the engine. Generally, the coolant (LH2) first is used to cool the nozzle and pressure vessel that contains the reactor. Most of the coolant is gassified by this. Then it goes to the reflector where it is preheated. (The reflector almost acts like a recuperator in a steam plant.) The warm, fully gassified coolant is then sent to the core. Is it passes through the hot tubes the gas gets hotter but its speed is mosty constant. It is approximately constant speed, constant pressure: the pressure drop across the core is a small fraction of the overal stagnation pressure. The gas exits the core and enters a space just ahead of the nozzle: this is called the plenum and is roughly the equivalent of the combustion chamber on a standard rocket engine. The plenum's purpose if to dampen turbulance and equalize pressure distributions by slowing the hot, high pressure gas down to approximately stagnation which is slower than the speed of sound in that medium. Then the hot, stagnant gas exits the nozzle and expands aprroximately adiabatically--little heat is lost in the expansion so almost all thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy. As the temperature and pressure drop, so does the speed of sound in the gas, but the gas accelerates to supersonic speeds, usually exiting the nozzle at between 3.5-4 Mach (speed of sound in that gas, which is not to be confused with the speed of sound in air.) Thus supersonic flow only occurs in the expansion part of the nozzle in a properly designed engine.

Most of the fissile losses in the NERVA and ROVER engines occured from mechanical and thermal stresses caused fractures to open in the graphite matrix which exposed the fissile materials (UC mostly) to hot hydrogen which corrodes it by stealing carbon (the reduced uranium metal will then evaporate because of the high temperatures.)

The solution is to use something that does not corrode, like an alloy with tungsten.

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Yea, like Googlenaut said, essentially the engineering mission should be to retain fissile material as much as possible for the operational life of the engine. I think in ROVER NERVA zirconium coating proved successful but tungsten is fine too.

I would think Rubbia's Am242m engine could work. As usual experimental data is not there to tell the story from a lack of project experimentation finances. 



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Bruce Behrhorst


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GoogleNaut, one point I would like to make is that this Rubbia concept is not even close to the proven NERVA designs.  It may or may not be feasible but it will eject fission fragments into the propellant flow.  This direct heating is how this engine achieves its 2.5 to 3 times the specific impulse of standard solid core NTR.

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That's right (my bad)---if fission fragments end up in the 'working fluid' then you can't help but have radioactive products in exhaust. So this kind of engine would probably have to be used in vacuum as an upper stage, if you don't want any fission product contamination in the atmosphere.

I think this basic concept of engine has been around for a while, although I have to admit also being a little surprised by Dr. Carlo Rubbia's involvement--although his lifetime of work in theoretical and particle physics at CERN and elsewhere has been brilliant...

Knowledge of how charged particles behave in magnetic fields would likely prove beneficial to a fission fragment NTR.

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